Trial overview
Number of subjects with adverse events (AE) and serious AE (SAE) in Part A
Timeframe: Up to 7 Weeks
Number of subjects with AE and SAE in Part B
Timeframe: Up to 11 Weeks
Number of subjects with abnormal change in Baseline hematology parameters in Part A
Timeframe: Up to 7 Weeks
Number of subjects with abnormal change in Baseline hematology parameters in Part B
Timeframe: Up to 11 Weeks
Number of subjects with abnormal change in Baseline clinical chemistry parameters in Part A
Timeframe: Up to 7 Weeks
Number of subjects with abnormal change in Baseline clinical chemistry parameters in Part B
Timeframe: Up to 11 Weeks
Number of subjects with abnormal change in Baseline urinalysis in Part A
Timeframe: Up to 7 Weeks
Number of subjects with abnormal change in Baseline urinalysis in Part B
Timeframe: Up to 11 Weeks
Number of subjects with abnormal change in Baseline coagulation parameters in Part A
Timeframe: Up to 7 Weeks
Number of subjects with abnormal change in Baseline coagulation parameters in Part B
Timeframe: Up to 11 Weeks
Number of subjects with clinically significant Electrocardiogram (ECG) findings in Part A
Timeframe: Up to 7 Weeks
Number of subjects with clinically significant ECG findings in Part B
Timeframe: Up to 11 Weeks
Number of subjects with abnormal systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in Part A
Timeframe: Up to 7 Weeks
Number of subjects with abnormal SBP and DBP in Part B
Timeframe: Up to 11 Weeks
Number of subjects with abnormal respiratory rate in Part A
Timeframe: Up to 7 Weeks
Number of subjects with abnormal respiratory rate in Part B
Timeframe: Up to 11 Weeks
Number of subjects with abnormal heart rate in Part A
Timeframe: Up to 7 Weeks
Number of subjects with abnormal heart rate in Part B
Timeframe: Up to 11 Weeks
Number of subjects with abnormal body temperature in Part A
Timeframe: Up to 7 Weeks
Number of subjects with abnormal body temperature in Part B
Timeframe: Up to 11 Weeks
Number of subjects with abnormal physical examination results in Part A
Timeframe: Up to 7 Weeks
Number of subjects with abnormal physical examination results in Part B
Timeframe: Up to 11 Weeks
Area under plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) from zero hours to last time of quantifiable concentration (AUC [0–t]) for GSK2983559: fasted for Part A
Timeframe: Pre-dose and at 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48 hours post-dose.
AUC (0–t) for GSK2668176: fasted for Part A
Timeframe: Pre-dose and at 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48 hours post-dose.
AUC from time zero to infinity (AUC [0-inf]) for GSK2983559: fasted for Part A
Timeframe: Pre-dose and at 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48 hours post-dose.
AUC (0-inf) for GSK2668176: fasted for Part A
Timeframe: Pre-dose and at 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48 hours post-dose.
Maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) for GSK2983559: fasted for Part A
Timeframe: Pre-dose and at 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48 hours post-dose.
Cmax for GSK2668176: fasted for Part A
Timeframe: Pre-dose and at 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48 hours post-dose.
Terminal elimination half-life (t 1/2) for GSK2983559: fasted for Part A
Timeframe: Pre-dose and at 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48 hours post-dose.
T 1/2 for GSK2668176: fasted for Part A
Timeframe: Pre-dose and at 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48 hours post-dose.
Time to Cmax (Tmax) for GSK2983559: fasted for Part A
Timeframe: Pre-dose and at 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48 hours post-dose.
Tmax for GSK2668176: fasted for Part A
Timeframe: Pre-dose and at 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48 hours post-dose.
AUC (0–t) for GSK2983559 following single dose on Day 1 in Part B
Timeframe: Day1:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4,5,6,8,10,12 hours, 24 hours post-dose
AUC (0–t) for GSK2983559 in Part B
Timeframe: Day1:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4,5,6,8,10,12 hours, 24 hours post-dose, Pre-dose:Day3, Day4, Day5, Day6, Day7, Day10, Day12, Day14:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3,4, 5,6,8,10,12 hours,24 hours post-dose,48 hours post-dose.
AUC (0–t) for GSK2668176 following single dose on Day 1 in Part B
Timeframe: Day1:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4,5,6,8,10,12 hours, 24 hours post-dose
AUC (0–t) for GSK2668176 in Part B
Timeframe: Day1:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4,5,6,8,10,12 hours, 24 hours post-dose, Pre-dose:Day3, Day4, Day5, Day6, Day7, Day10, Day12, Day14:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3,4, 5,6,8,10,12 hours,24 hours post-dose,48 hours post-dose.
AUC from 0 hours to the time of next dosing AUC (0-tau) for GSK2983559 following single dose on Day 1 in Part B
Timeframe: Day1:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4,5,6,8,10,12 hours, 24 hours post-dose
AUC (0-tau) for GSK2983559 in Part B
Timeframe: Day1:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4,5,6,8,10,12 hours, 24 hours post-dose, Pre-dose:Day3, Day4, Day5, Day6, Day7, Day10, Day12, Day14:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3,4, 5,6,8,10,12 hours,24 hours post-dose,48 hours post-dose.
AUC (0-tau) for GSK2668176 following single dose on Day 1 in Part B
Timeframe: Day1:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4,5,6,8,10,12 hours, 24 hours post-dose
AUC (0-tau) for GSK2668176 in Part B
Timeframe: Day1:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4,5,6,8,10,12 hours, 24 hours post-dose, Pre-dose:Day3, Day4, Day5, Day6, Day7, Day10, Day12, Day14:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3,4, 5,6,8,10,12 hours,24 hours post-dose,48 hours post-dose.
Cmax for GSK2983559 following single dose on Day 1 in Part B
Timeframe: Day1:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4,5,6,8,10,12 hours, 24 hours post-dose
Cmax for GSK2983559 in Part B
Timeframe: Day1:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4,5,6,8,10,12 hours, 24 hours post-dose, Pre-dose:Day3, Day4, Day5, Day6, Day7, Day10, Day12, Day14:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3,4, 5,6,8,10,12 hours,24 hours post-dose,48 hours post-dose
Cmax for GSK2668176 following single dose on Day 1 in Part B
Timeframe: Day1:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4,5,6,8,10,12 hours, 24 hours post-dose
Cmax for GSK2668176 in Part B
Timeframe: Day1:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4,5,6,8,10,12 hours, 24 hours post-dose, Pre-dose:Day3, Day4, Day5, Day6, Day7, Day10, Day12, Day14:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3,4, 5,6,8,10,12 hours,24 hours post-dose,48 hours post-dose
Tmax for GSK2983559 following single dose on Day 1 in Part B
Timeframe: Day1:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4,5,6,8,10,12 hours, 24 hours post-dose
Tmax for GSK2983559 in Part B
Timeframe: Day1:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4,5,6,8,10,12 hours, 24 hours post-dose, Pre-dose:Day3, Day4, Day5, Day6, Day7, Day10, Day12, Day14:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3,4, 5,6,8,10,12 hours,24 hours post-dose,48 hours post-dose
Tmax for GSK2668176 following single dose on Day 1 in Part B
Timeframe: Day1:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4,5,6,8,10,12 hours, 24 hours post-dose
Tmax for GSK2668176 in Part B
Timeframe: Day1:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4,5,6,8,10,12 hours, 24 hours post-dose, Pre-dose:Day3, Day4, Day5, Day6, Day7, Day10, Day12, Day14:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3,4, 5,6,8,10,12 hours,24 hours post-dose,48 hours post-dose
T 1/2 for GSK2983559 following single dose on Day 1 in Part B
Timeframe: Day1:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4,5,6,8,10,12 hours, 24 hours post-dose
T 1/2 for GSK2983559 in Part B
Timeframe: Day1:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4,5,6,8,10,12 hours, 24 hours post-dose, Pre-dose:Day3, Day4, Day5, Day6, Day7, Day10, Day12, Day14:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3,4, 5,6,8,10,12 hours,24 hours post-dose,48 hours post-dose
T 1/2 for GSK2668176 following single dose on Day 1 in Part B
Timeframe: Day1:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4,5,6,8,10,12 hours, 24 hours post-dose
T 1/2 for GSK2668176 in Part B
Timeframe: Day1:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4,5,6,8,10,12 hours, 24 hours post-dose, Pre-dose:Day3, Day4, Day5, Day6, Day7, Day10, Day12, Day14:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3,4, 5,6,8,10,12 hours,24 hours post-dose,48 hours post-dose
Accumulation ratio of GSK2983559 following single dose on Day 1 in Part B
Timeframe: Day1:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4,5,6,8,10,12 hours, 24 hours post-dose
Accumulation ratio of GSK2983559 in Part B
Timeframe: Day1:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4,5,6,8,10,12 hours, 24 hours post-dose, Pre-dose:Day3, Day4, Day5, Day6, Day7, Day10, Day12, Day14:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3,4, 5,6,8,10,12 hours,24 hours post-dose,48 hours post-dose
Accumulation ratio of GSK2668176 following single dose on Day 1 in Part B
Timeframe: Day1:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4,5,6,8,10,12 hours, 24 hours post-dose
Accumulation ratio of GSK2668176 in Part B
Timeframe: Day1:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4,5,6,8,10,12 hours, 24 hours post-dose, Pre-dose:Day3, Day4, Day5, Day6, Day7, Day10, Day12, Day14:Pre-dose,15 and 30 minutes,1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3,4, 5,6,8,10,12 hours,24 hours post-dose,48 hours post-dose
AUC (0–t) for GSK2983559: fasted (Period 4) for Part A
Timeframe: Day 1:Pre-dose, 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 hours, Day 2: 24 hours and Day 3: 48 hours.
AUC (0–t) for GSK2983559: fed (Period 5) for Part A
Timeframe: Day 1:Pre-dose, 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 hours, Day 2: 24 hours and Day 3: 48 hours.
AUC (0–t) for GSK2668176: fasted (Period 4) for Part A
Timeframe: Day 1:Pre-dose, 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 hours, Day 2: 24 hours and Day 3: 48 hours.
AUC (0–t) for GSK2668176: fed (Period 5) for Part A
Timeframe: Day 1:Pre-dose, 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 hours, Day 2: 24 hours and Day 3: 48 hours.
AUC (0-inf) for GSK2983559: fasted (Period 4) for Part A
Timeframe: Day 1:Pre-dose, 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 hours, Day 2: 24 hours and Day 3: 48 hours.
AUC (0-inf) for GSK2983559: fed(Period 5) for Part A
Timeframe: Day 1:Pre-dose, 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 hours, Day 2: 24 hours and Day 3: 48 hours.
AUC (0-inf) for GSK2668176: fasted (Period 4) for Part A
Timeframe: Day 1:Pre-dose, 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 hours, Day 2: 24 hours and Day 3: 48 hours.
AUC (0-inf) for GSK2668176: fed(Period 5) for Part A
Timeframe: Day 1:Pre-dose, 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 hours, Day 2: 24 hours and Day 3: 48 hours.
Cmax for GSK2983559: fasted (Period 4) for Part A
Timeframe: Day 1:Pre-dose, 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 hours, Day 2: 24 hours and Day 3: 48 hours.
Cmax for GSK2983559: fed (Period 5) for Part A
Timeframe: Day 1:Pre-dose, 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 hours, Day 2: 24 hours and Day 3: 48 hours.
Cmax for GSK2668176: fasted (Period 4) for Part A
Timeframe: Day 1:Pre-dose, 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 hours, Day 2: 24 hours and Day 3: 48 hours.
Cmax for GSK2668176: fed (Period 5) for Part A
Timeframe: Day 1:Pre-dose, 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 hours, Day 2: 24 hours and Day 3: 48 hours.
Tmax for GSK2983559: fasted (Period 4) for Part A
Timeframe: Day 1:Pre-dose, 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 hours, Day 2: 24 hours and Day 3: 48 hours.
Tmax for GSK2983559: fed (Period 5) for Part A
Timeframe: Day 1:Pre-dose, 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 hours, Day 2: 24 hours and Day 3: 48 hours.
Tmax for GSK2668176: fasted (Period 4) for Part A
Timeframe: Day 1:Pre-dose, 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 hours, Day 2: 24 hours and Day 3: 48 hours.
Tmax for GSK2668176: fed (Period 5) for Part A
Timeframe: Day 1:Pre-dose, 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 hours, Day 2: 24 hours and Day 3: 48 hours.
T 1/2 for GSK2983559: fasted (Period 4) for Part A
Timeframe: Day 1:Pre-dose, 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 hours, Day 2: 24 hours and Day 3: 48 hours.
T 1/2 for GSK2983559: fed (Period 5) for Part A
Timeframe: Day 1:Pre-dose, 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 hours, Day 2: 24 hours and Day 3: 48 hours.
T 1/2 for GSK2668176: fasted (Period 4) for Part A
Timeframe: Day 1:Pre-dose, 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 hours, Day 2: 24 hours and Day 3: 48 hours.
T 1/2 for GSK2668176: fed (Period 5) for Part A
Timeframe: Day 1:Pre-dose, 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 hours, Day 2: 24 hours and Day 3: 48 hours.
- Male and female subjects between 18 and 65 years of age inclusive, at the time of signing the informed consent.
- Volunteers who are overtly healthy as determined by medical evaluation including medical and psychiatric history, physical examination, neurological examination, clinical laboratory tests and cardiac monitoring.
- History or presence of/significant history of or current cardiovascular, respiratory, hepatic, renal, gastrointestinal, endocrine, hematological, or neurological disorders capable of significantly altering the absorption, metabolism, or elimination of drugs; constituting a risk when taking the study treatment; or interfering with the interpretation of data.
- History or current evidence of febrile seizures, epilepsy, convulsions, significant head injury, or other significant neurologic conditions.
- Male and female subjects between 18 and 65 years of age inclusive, at the time of signing the informed consent.
- Volunteers who are overtly healthy as determined by medical evaluation including medical and psychiatric history, physical examination, neurological examination, clinical laboratory tests and cardiac monitoring.
- 3Body weight >= 50 kg (kilogram) and body mass index (BMI) within the range 19-32 kilogram per meter square (kg/m^2) .
- A male subject must agree to use a highly effective contraception during the treatment period and for at least 5 half-lives plus an additional 90 days after the last dose of study treatment and refrain from donating sperm during this period.
- A female subject is eligible to participate if she is not pregnant, not breastfeeding, and is not a woman of childbearing potential (WOCBP)
- Capable of giving signed informed consent which includes compliance with the requirements and restrictions listed in the informed consent form (ICF) and in this protocol.
- Participants must agree to avoid prolonged Ultraviolet (UV) exposure to natural sunlight without required Ultraviolet A (UVA)/ Ultraviolet B (UVB) protection or tanning beds for the duration of the study.
- History or presence of/significant history of or current cardiovascular, respiratory, hepatic, renal, gastrointestinal, endocrine, hematological, or neurological disorders capable of significantly altering the absorption, metabolism, or elimination of drugs; constituting a risk when taking the study treatment; or interfering with the interpretation of data.
- History or current evidence of febrile seizures, epilepsy, convulsions, significant head injury, or other significant neurologic conditions.
- History of clinically significant psychiatric disorders as judged by the investigator.
- Any history of suicidal behavior within the past 6 months or any history of attempted suicide in a subject's lifetime.
- ALT >1.5x upper limit of normal (ULN).
- Bilirubin >1.5xULN (isolated bilirubin >1.5xULN is acceptable if bilirubin is fractionated and direct bilirubin <35%).
- Current or chronic history of liver disease, or known hepatic or biliary abnormalities (with the exception of Gilbert's syndrome or asymptomatic gallstones).
- History of Gastrointestinal (GI) surgery (with exception of appendectomy)
- Average QTc > 450 millisecond (msec)
- Intended use of over-the-counter or prescription medication including herbal medications within 7 days prior to dosing
- Live or attenuated vaccine(s) within 30 days of randomization, or plans to receive such vaccines during the study or plans to receive a vaccine within 30 days + 5 half-lives of the last dose of study medication.
- Regular alcohol consumption within 6 months prior to the study defined as: An average weekly intake of >21 units for males or >14 units for females. One unit is equivalent to 8 g of alcohol: a half pint (approximately 240 milliliter [mL]) of beer, 1 glass (125 mL) of wine or 1 (25 mL) measure of spirits.
- Current use or history of regular tobacco- or nicotine-containing products within 6 months prior to screening. Subject must have urinary cotinine levels indicative of non-smoking status at screening visit.
- Exposure to more than 4 new chemical entities within 12 months prior to the first dosing day.
- Current enrollment or past participation within the last 30 days before signing of consent in this or any other clinical study involving an investigational study treatment or any other type of medical research.
- Subjects with impaired renal function defined as Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) calculation <= 60 milliliter per minute per 1.73 meter square (mL/min/1.73 m^2) estimated by the CKD-EPI equation.
- An elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) outside of the normal reference range.
- Presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), positive hepatitis C antibody test result at screening or within 3 months prior to first dose of study treatment. As potential for and magnitude of immunosuppression with this compound is unknown, subjects with presence of hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb) should also be excluded. Subjects positive for HBsAg and/or positive for anti-HBc antibody (regardless of anti-HBs antibody status) are excluded.
- A positive pre-study drug/alcohol screen.
- A positive test for HIV antibody.
- A positive diagnostic TB test at screening defined as a positive QuantiFERON-TB Gold test or T-spot test. In cases where the QuantiFERON or T-spot test is indeterminate, the subject may have the test repeated once, but they will not be eligible for the study unless the second test is negative. In cases where the QuantiFERON or T-spot test is positive, but a locally-read follow up chest x-ray, shows no evidence of current or previous pulmonary tuberculosis, the subject may be eligible for the study at the discretion of the Investigator and GSK Medical Monitor.
- Sensitivity to any of the study treatments, or components thereof, or drug or other allergy that, in the opinion of the Investigator or GSK Medical Monitor, contraindicates participation in the study.
- Where participation in the study would result in donation of blood or blood products in excess of 500 mL within a 56-day period.
- Part A (Food Effect) Cohort: Subject must have no dietary restrictions (e.g., lactose intolerance) or inability to eat a high fat meal.
Trial location(s)
Study documents
If you wish to request for full study report, please contact - [email protected]
Results overview
Results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov
Plain language summaries
Plain language summaries of clinical trial results for Phase 2-4 clinical trials that were initiated on or after January 2022 will be posted by GSK within one year following study completion.